THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF AROMATIC PLANT LEAF (MENTHA PIPERITA L.) AND FRUIT EXTRACT (FLACOURTIA JANGOMAS LOUR) AGAINST THE UTI BACTERIAL PATHOGENS

Medicinal plants are considered colossal producers of bioactive therapeutics agents. Fruit is an essential part of the human diet and is of great interest because of its richness in phytochemicals. The present study was chosen the objectives are assessment the antibacterial activity against the dominantly affected seven Urinary Tract Infected (UTI) pathogenic bacterial species plant leaf extracts and fruits such as Mentha piperita (L.), Flacourtia jangomas (Lour) Raeusch. Experimental UTI pathogenic organisms named as Alcaligens sp., Kliebsiella sp., E. coli, Proteus sp., Staphylococcus sp., Pseudomonas sp., Hence the current result has been clearly depicted that the methanol extract of Mentha piperita leaf expressed the potential signicant antibacterial activity against the ve UTI pathogenic organisms such as Alcaligens sp., and Klebsirlla sp. Proteus species and Pseudomonas sp., than other two experimental extracts of benzene and ethanol. From the present result clearly noticed three elucidated compounds are act as an antibacterial bio-compounds such Octadecanoic acid methyl ester, 1, 2, 4, 5-tetramethyl Piperone and α-Propyl tetradecanol present in methanol leaf.extract of M. piperita (L.) plant. Similarly F. jangomas (Lou.) fruit extract (methanol).possessed the antibacterial property biologically effective compounds named as Lavandulol, α-Humulene and Terpineol. Therefore, both experimental plant leaf and fruit extract possessed signicant antibacterial activity against the tested seven UTI clinical pathogenic organisms Furthermore nanoparticle study also denoted both experimental methanol extracts of M. piperita (L.), (leaf) F.jangomas (Lour) expressed the signicant nanoparticle production. It was noticed the range between 21.50 to 41.03nm and 60.52 to 19.22nm. for M. piperita (L.) F. jangomas fruit juice extract respectively. From the current research clearly showed that methanol extract of both experimental samples could be act as a potential traditional plant based medicines for urinary tract infected diseases.

Bioacessibility of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity in organic peppermint leaves

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to analyze the chemical composition and bioaccessibility of phenolic compounds as well as their antioxidant capabilities of organic peppermint leaves after each phase of simulated digestion. Moisture was determined until a constant weight was obtained in an oven at 105 °C; ash was determined after sample calcination in a muffle furnace at 550 °C. The protein concentration was determined by the Macro-Kjeldahl method and lipid content by hot-extraction in a Soxhlet apparatus. Carbohydrates were calculated from differences and energy values based on the Atwater conversion factors. Total phenolic, flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity were determined by spectrophotometry. A four-step procedure was used for in vitro digestion. Organic peppermint was found to contain the following: 78% moisture, 1.7% ash, 1.5% lipids, 0.3% proteins, 17.7% carbohydrates, and a total of 85.5 kcal/100 g. Values of 705 mg GAE/100 g of phenolic, 918 mg QE/100 g of flavonoids, and 58.8 mg/g of vitamin C were also measured. It was discovered that total phenolics had the highest bioaccessible fraction relative to flavonoids; the salivary phase was identified as that with the highest release of these compounds and thus the phase in which peppermint showed significant antioxidant activity (1509 μmol TEAC/100g). This study demonstrated that organic peppermint has a high content of phenolic compounds that can be extracted from the alimentary matrix in the salivary and intestinal phases of the digestive system. Because of the antioxidant activity of these compounds, the use of this aromatic plant as seasonings and spices is relevant.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la composición química de hojas de menta orgánica y la bioaccesibilidad de los compuestos fenólicos así como su capacidad antioxidante. Se determinó la humedad hasta obtener un peso constante en el horno a 105 °C, la ceniza se determinó en un horno de mufla a 550 °C. La concentración de proteína se determinó mediante el método Macro-Kjeldahl y los lípidos mediante extracción en un aparato Soxhlet. Los carbohidratos se calcularon por diferencia y energía basadas en los factores de conversión de Atwater. El contenido fenólico y la actividad antioxidante se determinaron por espectrofotometría. Se usó un procedimiento de cuatro pasos para la digestión in vitro. La menta orgánica contiene 78% de humedad, 1,7% de cenizas, 1,5% de lípidos, 0,3% de proteínas, 17,7% de carbohidratos y 85,5 kcal/100 g. También se midieron valores de 705 mg GAE/100g de fenólico, 918 mg QE/100 g de flavonoides y 58,8 mg/g de vitamina C. Se descubrió que los fenólicos tenían la fracción bioaccesible más alta en relación con los flavonoides; la fase salival se identificó como aquella con la mayor liberación de estos compuestos y, por lo tanto, la menta mostró una actividad antioxidante significativa (1509 μmol de TEAC/100 g). La menta orgánica tiene un alto contenido de fenólicos que se pueden extraer en las fases salival e intestinal. Debido a la actividad antioxidante de estos compuestos, el uso de esta planta como condimentos y especias es relevante.

Comparative study for morphological identification, chemical component analysis, and DNA barcode determination of three plants and their varieties in Genus Mentha / 药学学报

The morphological identification, chemical component analysis, and DNA barcode determination were investigated on Genus Mentha (including Mentha haplocalyx Briq., Mentha piperita Linn., Mentha spicata Linn. and Mentha cultivated) in order to reveal the origin of Herba Mentha as a drug, and ensure the accuracy in clinic application. The morphological characters, chemical composition analysis by GC-MS/MS and DNA content measure by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were reported in this study for inter- or intra- species divergence. Based on the morphology, axillary verticillasters was recognized as the typical character for Mentha haplocalyx Briq. Carvone was used as an index component for chemical composition analysis of Mentha spicata Linn. Gene clustering analysis divided 22 batches of samples into two molecular groups. Mentha haplocalyx Briq. is distinguishably different from Mentha spicata Linn. Mentha piperita Linn. and other cultivated plants were distributed between these two species. The results obtained by morphological identification, chemical composition analysis, and DNA barcode determination show good correlations, but each identification method has its limit. In view of the fact that hybridization of the plants in Genus Mentha is common, identification relying on only one method is not recommended.

Uso de antioxidantes naturais em hambúrgueres elaborados com carne mecanicamente separada de aves / Use of natural antioxidants in hamburgers prepared with mechanically separated poultry meat / Uso de antioxidantes naturales en hamburguesas elaboradas con carne mecánicamente separada de aves

Antioxidantes são substâncias utilizadas para preservar alimentos por meio do retardamento da deterioração, da rancidez e descolorações decorrentes da oxidação. Os antioxidantes disponíveis incluem os sintéticos e os naturais, no entanto, devido à possibilidade de efeitos carcinogênicos e mutagênicos, cada vez mais, existe uma busca pelo uso de antioxidantes naturais. A CMS (Carne Mecanicamente Separada) origina-se do processamento da carne, sendo formado pelo dorso, pescoço e da desossa da ave após processamento da carne para formação dos cortes. A legislação brasileira recomenda no máximo até 30% de CMS na produção de hambúrgueres, demonstrando a possibilidade de seu aproveitamento em um produto de maior valor comercial. Além disso, por ser uma carne extremamente processada está mais sujeita à oxidação, o que faz com que seja necessário o uso de antioxidantes visando, principalmente, aumentar o tempo de prateleira. Dessa forma, fazem-se necessárias pesquisas avaliando o uso de antioxidantes naturais, tais como os óleos essenciais. Em pesquisa recente desenvolvida por nosso grupo de pesquisa foi avaliado a produção de hambúrgueres elaborados com CMS de aves (frangos e galinhas) e adicionado de óleo essencial de hortelã ou orégano como antioxidante em diferentes níveis (0,04; 0,06 e 0,08%) e resultados prévios demonstraram uma boa aceitabilidade no teste de preferência para qualquer um dos níveis utilizados. No entanto, os resultados da avaliação da capacidade antioxidante e análise microbiológica devem ser avaliados para se definir o melhor nível de uso dos óleos essenciais de orégano ou hortelã como antioxidante natural em produtos elaborados com CMS de aves.(AU)

Antioxidants are used to preserve food by delaying deterioration, rancidity and discoloration caused by oxidation. Antioxidants can be either synthetic or natural; however, due to the possibility of carcinogenic and mutagenic effects, there has been an increasing search for the use of natural antioxidants. Mechanically separated meat (MSM) originates from the meat processing, being formed by the back, neck and the deboning process of poultry, and the subsequent processing of the meat to form the cuts. The Brazilian legislation recommends a maximum of 30% of MSM in the production of hamburgers, demonstrating the possibility of its use in a product with greater commercial value. Moreover, since this is an extremely processed meat, it is more prone to oxidation, requiring the use of antioxidants to increase shelf life. Thus, research is needed to evaluate the use of natural antioxidants such as essential oils. In recent research developed by this research group, the production of hamburgers made with MSM from poultry and the addition of mint or oregano essential oil as antioxidant at different levels (0.04, 0.06, and 0.08%), with prior results showing good acceptability in the preference test for all the levels used. However, the antioxidant capacity assessment and microbiological analysis must be evaluated in order to determine the optimal usage level of oregano or mint essential oils as natural antioxidants in products made with poultry MSM.(AU)

Los antioxidantes son sustancias utilizadas para preservar los alimentos por medio de retraso del deterioro, de la rancidez y de las decoloraciones resultantes de la oxidación. Los antioxidantes disponibles incluyen los sintéticos y los naturales, sin embargo, debido a la posibilidad de efectos carcinogénicos y mutagénicos, cada vez más existen búsquedas por el uso de antioxidantes naturales. La CMS (carne mecánicamente separada) se origina del procesamiento de la carne, siendo formado por el dorso, el cuello y el deshuesado del ave después del procesamiento de la carne para la formación de los cortes. La legislación brasileña recomienda al máximo hasta un 30% de CMS en la producción de hamburguesas, demostrando la posibilidad de su aprovechamiento en un producto de mayor valor comercial. Además, por ser una carne extremadamente procesada está más sujeta a la oxidación, lo que hace que es necesario el uso de antioxidantes, buscando principalmente aumentar el tiempo de estantería. De esa forma, se hacen necesarias investigaciones evaluando el uso de antioxidantes naturales, tales como los aceites esenciales. En investigación reciente desarrollada por nuestro grupo de investigadores se evaluó la producción de hamburguesas elaboradas con CMS de aves (pollos y gallinas), agregado de aceite esencial de menta u orégano como antioxidante en diferentes niveles (0,04, 0,06 y 0, 08%), resultados previos demostraron una buena aceptación en la prueba de preferencia para cualquiera de los niveles utilizados. Sin embargo, los resultados de la evaluación de capacidad antioxidante y el análisis microbiológico deben ser evaluados para definir el mejor nivel de uso de los aceites esenciales de orégano o menta como antioxidante natural en productos elaborados con CMS de aves.(AU)

Ethnobotanical inventory of medicinal plants used in the Qampaya District, Bolivia / Inventario etnobotánico de plantas medicinales usadas en el Distrito Qampaya, Bolivia

Herbal medicine therapy is traditionally practiced by indigenous healers in Bolivia for hundreds years. Due to the great geographical and ecological diversity, there are thousands of native plants, which are utilized against diverse types of diseases. Nowadays, there is a worldwide problem connected with possible loss of ethnobotany knowledge because of the lack of the interest of young people. In present study, survey focused on medicinal plants used by rural people in Qampaya District, Potosí Department, Bolivia has been done. The data were collected from 60 respondents by semi-structured interviews. The results showed that 60 plant species belonging to 30 families are known as curative plants in this area. The mostly named families were Asteraceae (14 species) followed by Lamiaceae (7 species) and Brassicaceae (4 species). Predominant health problems treated by these plants are urological problems and gastro-intestinal disorders. The most frequently used plant parts were leaves and the preparation is mostly done as infusion. Even though the knowledge of using medical plants plays important role in life of Bolivian rural people, which use plants as medicines against various types of diseases, this study showed that 25 percent of respondents didn’t know any medicinal plants. On the other hand 40 percent of asked people have known 6 or more medicinal plant species.

La terapia de la medicina herbolaria es practicada, tradicionalmente, por los curanderos indígenas en Bolivia, desde hace cientos de años. Gracias a la gran diversidad geográfica y ecológica, hay miles de plantas nativas, que se utilizan para el tratamiento de diferentes tipos de enfermedades. Hoy en día, hay un problema mundial relacionado con la posible pérdida del conocimiento etnobotánico, esto debido a la falta de interés de las nuevas generaciones. El presente estudio descriptivo, mediante una encuesta, fue enfocado a las plantas medicinales utilizadas por la población rural del Distrito Qampaya, Departamento de Potosí, Bolivia. Los datos se obtuvieron de 60 informantes mediante una encuesta semiestructurada. Los resultados mostraron que 60 especies de plantas medicinales. pertenecientes a 30 familias botánicas, son conocidas en el área de intervención. Las familias botánicas, más importantes de uso medicinal son Asteraceae (14 especies), seguido de Lamiaceae (7 especies) y Brassicaceae (4 especies). Los problemas predominantes de salud, tratados con estas especies, son los urológicos y trastornos gastrointestinales. La parte de la planta más utilizada son las hojas y la forma más común de uso es en infusión. A pesar de que el conocimiento sobre la utilización de las plantas medicinales, juega un papel importante en la vida de la población rural de Bolivia, quienes utilizan las plantas medicinales para el tratamiento de diversos tipos de enfermedades, este estudio mostró que el 25 por ciento de los encuestados no tienen conocimiento sobre la utilidad medicinal de ninguna especie vegetal. Por otro lado, el 40 por ciento de los informantes conocen 6 o más especies de plantas medicinales.

Evaluación del potencial hepatoprotector de la Mentha piperita L previo a la inducción de hepatotoxicidad con acetaminofen / Evaluation of hepatoprotective potential of Mentha piperita L before induction of hepatotoxicity with acetaminophen

A preclinical pharmacological study was conducted to evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of Mentha piperita L. against paracetamol induced toxicity. Adult male NMRI mice who were administered orally soft plant extracts in doses of 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg, three consecutive days prior to the induction of hepatotoxicity were used. Clinical signs of toxicity, hepatic biochemical parameters and morphological analysis of the liver was evaluated. The biochemical parameters analyzed showed significant differences, but none of the two groups showed a similar untreated control group behavior. No macroscopic changes in the liver were confirmed. Microscopically, the study groups with Mentha piperita L. showed mild to moderate damage with significant differences from the untreated control group. The evaluation of hepatoprotective potential on the M. piperita L. extract at doses studied did not behave as hepatoprotective agent...

Se realizó un estudio farmacológico preclínico para evaluar el efecto hepatoprotector de Mentha piperita L. frente a la toxicidad inducida por el paracetamol. Se emplearon ratones adultos machos NMRI a los que se administró por vía oral extractos blandos de la planta a dosis de 200 mg/kg y 400 mg/kg, tres días consecutivos previos a la inducción de la hepatotoxicidad. Se evaluaron los signos clínicos de toxicidad, parámetros bioquímicos hepáticos y el análisis morfológico del hígado. Los parámetros bioquímicos analizados mostraron diferencias altamente significativas, pero ninguno de los dos grupos presentaron un comportamiento similar al grupo control no tratado. No se confirmaron alteraciones macroscópicas del hígado. A nivel Microscópico, los grupos en estudio con Mentha piperita L. presentaron daños de leves a moderados con diferencias significativas respecto al grupo control no tratado. Se puede afirmar que según la evaluación del potencial hepatoprotector del extracto de M. piperita L. a las dosis estudiadas no se comportó como agente hepatoprotector...

Isolation, fractionation and identification of chemical constituents from the leaves crude extracts of Mentha piperita L grown in Sultanate of Oman

Objective: To analyze and identify the chemical compositions of different organic plants crude extracts of Mentha piperita (M. piperita) grown in Sultanate of Oman by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Methods: The powder sample was extracted with methanol by using Soxhlet extractor. Methanol crude extracts of M. piperita and its derived fractions of hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and butanol were prepared.Results:MS showed that majority of these compounds are bioactive.Conclusions:According to the results of the present study, the plant crude extracts could be Qualitative analyses of various organic plant crude extracts of M. piperita by using GC-used as medicine for the treatment of different diseases. The analysis and identification of the chemical compounds in the plant crude extracts by using GC-MS was the first time.

Isolation, fractionation and identification of chemical constituents from the leaves crude extracts of Mentha piperita L grown in Sultanate of Oman

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze and identify the chemical compositions of different organic plants crude extracts of Mentha piperita (M. piperita) grown in Sultanate of Oman by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The powder sample was extracted with methanol by using Soxhlet extractor. Methanol crude extracts of M. piperita and its derived fractions of hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and butanol were prepared.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Qualitative analyses of various organic plant crude extracts of M. piperita by using GC-MS showed that majority of these compounds are bioactive.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>According to the results of the present study, the plant crude extracts could be used as medicine for the treatment of different diseases. The analysis and identification of the chemical compounds in the plant crude extracts by using GC-MS was the first time.</p>

Evaluation of antifungal activity of essential oils against potentially mycotoxigenic Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus

The antifungal activity of essential oils of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Apiaceae), ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Zingiberaceae), mint (Mentha piperita L., Lamiaceae) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris L., Lamiaceae) was evaluated against mycotoxin producers Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. High Resolution Gas Chromatography was applied to analyze chemical constituents of essential oils. The effect of different concentrations of essential oils was determined by solid medium diffusion assay. Mycelial growth and sporulation were determined for each essential oil at the concentrations established by solid medium diffusion assay. At the fifth, seventh and ninth days the mycelial diameter (Ø mm) and spore production were also determined. FUN-1 staining was performed to assess cell viability after broth macrodilution assay. Trans-anethole, zingiberene, menthol and thymol are the major component of essential oils of fennel, ginger, mint and thyme, respectively. The effective concentrations for fennel, ginger, mint and thyme were 50, 80, 50 and 50% (oil/DMSO; v/v), respectively. The four essential oils analysed in this study showed antifungal effect. Additionally, FUN-1 staining showed to be a suitable method to evaluate cell viability of potential mycotoxigenic fungi A. flavus and A. parasiticus after treatment with essential oils.

Hortelã / Mint

Introdução: A hortelã é uma planta difundida mundialmente e utilizada como tempero e dita medicinal.Objetivo: Verificar as evidências e indicações do uso da hortelã na prática clínica.Métodos: Revisão sistematizada da literatura por meio do banco de dados da biblioteca virtual em saúde (Cochrane, Lilacs e Medline) e do PubMed.Resultados: Não encontramos nenhum estudo em humanos que nos dessem evidências da efetividade da hortelã em doenças. Encontramos muitos estudos experimentais e in vitro, os principais descritos no texto.Conclusões: Não há evidências científicas da efetividade da hortelã no tratamento de doenças. Ela pode ser utilizada informalmente nos distúrbios digestórios funcionais.

Mycorrhizal fungi inoculation and phosphorus fertilizer on growth, essential oil production and nutrient uptake in peppermint (Mentha piperita L. ) / Inoculação com fungos micorrízicos e adubação fosfatada no crescimento, produção de óleo essencial e absorção de nutrientes em hortelã-pimenta (Mentha piperita L. )

This study evaluated the effects of inoculation with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Glomus mosseae, Glomus intraradices A4 and Glomus intraradices B1 and two phosphorus levels (10 and 40 mg kg-1) on root colonization, plant growth, nutrient uptake and essential oil content in Mentha piperita L. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse, in 4x2 factorial arrangement, in completely randomized design. At sixty days after transplanting, the mycorrhizal plants had significantly higher fresh matter, dry matter and leaf area compared to non-mycorrhizal plants. The inoculation increased P, K and Ca levels in the shoot which were higher under 40 mg P kg-1 of soil. Plants grown with 40 mg P kg-1 soil increased the essential oil yield per plant by about 40-50% compared to those cultivated with 10 mg P kg-1, regardless of the mycorrhizal treatment. Among the studied fungal species, inoculation with G. intraradices A4 and a high level of P significantly increased plant growth and essential oil yield, compared to the other studied mycorrhizal fungal species. In conclusion, inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi into peppermint plants is a feasible alternative to increase the essential oil production and reduce the use of fertilizers required to obtain economic production of peppermint under phosphorus-deficient soil condition.

Este estudo avaliou os efeitos da inoculação de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares Glomus mosseae, Glomus intraradices A4 e Glomus intraradices B1 e duas doses de fósforo (10 e 40 mg kg-1) sobre a colonização radicular, crescimento, absorção de nutrientes e óleos essenciais em Mentha piperita L. O estudo foi conduzido em casa de vegetação no delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 4x2. Sessenta dias após o transplantio, as plantas micorrizadas apresentaram massa fresca, massa seca, e área foliar significativamente maior em comparação as não-micorrizadas. A inoculação aumentou o teor de P, K e Ca na parte aérea sendo superiores em 40 mg P kg-1 de solo. As plantas cultivadas com 40 mg P kg-1 de solo aumentaram a produção de óleo essencial por planta cerca de 40-50% em relação às cultivadas com 10 mg de P kg-1, independentemente da micorrização. Dentre as espécies fúngicas estudadas, a inoculação com G. Intraradices A4 e com um elevado nível de P, aumentou significativamente o crescimento e rendimento de óleos essenciais em comparação com outras espécies de fungos micorrízicos estudados. Em conclusão, a inoculação dos fungos micorrízicos arbusculares em plantas de hortelã é uma alternativa viável para aumentar a produção de óleos essenciais e reduzir o uso de fertilizantes necessários para a produção econômica de hortelã-pimenta com deficiência de fósforo no solo.

Efficiency of ethanolic extract of peppermint (Mentha piperita) as an antibiotic growth promoter substitution on performance, and carcass characteristics in broiler chickens

Objective: This trial was conducted to examine the effect of usage different levels of ethanolic extract of peppermint (Mentha piperita) in drinking water in comparison with an antibiotic growth promoter (Virginiamycin) on the growth performance, and carcass traits of broiler chicks.Methods:virginiamycin, and 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 % ethanolic extract of peppermint supplemented to drinking water. Body weights of broilers were determined at d 1, 21 and 42, feed intake was determined at the same periods, and feed conversion ratio was calculated accordingly. At day 42, two birds per replicate were slaughtered for the determination of carcass traits. Results: Performance indices were not significantly influenced by the dietary treatments at day 42. Carcass yield increased in broilers supplemented with 0.3 % peppermint extract in drinking water, also, abdominal fat pad decreased in broilers supplemented with 0.3 % peppermint in drinking water (P>0.05).Conclusions:Birds were assigned to 5 treatments: control feed, antibiotic group receiving 5 mg/kg In conclusion, the results of this study showed that addition of 0.3 % ethanolic extract of peppermint to drinking water seem to have a positive influence on broiler performance productive via more carcass yield and decrease abdominal fat deposition.

Effects of A-solution on Halitosis and Oral Status in Preoperative NPO Patients

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to explore the effects of A-solution on halitosis and oral status in preoperative NPO patients. METHODS: A nonequivalent control group, non-synchronized pretest-posttest design was used in this study. The participants in this study were 66 patients who were admitted for gynecologic surgery. The experimental treatment was to give oral gargling with A-solution, blended essential oils and diluted with distilled water. To identify the experimental treatment effects, halitosis, salivary pH, and oral status were measured by a portable halitosis detector, visual analogue scale, Bromo Thymol Blue (BTB), Bromo Cresol Purple (BCP) test paper and oral assessment guide. Data were analyzed using chi2-test, t-test with PASW 18.0 version. RESULTS: Participants were homogeneous before experimental treatment. Objective halitosis in the experimental group, measured by a portable halitosis detector (t= -8.34, p<.001) was significantly lower than the control group. Subjective halitosis was significantly lower in the experimental group (t= -9.29, p<.001). Salivary pH was significantly different between two groups (t=8.81, p<.001). Oral status was significantly better in the experimental group (t= -13.31, p<.001). CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that oral gargling using A-solution is effective in reducing patient halitosis, and improving oral status.

Study of embryotoxicity of mentha piperita L. during organogenesis in balb/c mice / Estudio de la embriotoxicidad de mentha piperita L. durante la organogénesis en ratones balb/c

Mentha piperita (Labiatae), commonly known as peppermint is a native Iranian herb which is used in folk medicine for various purposes. This study was carried out to reveal the teratogenic effect of Mentha piperita on mice fetuses. In this experimental study, pregnant Balb/c mice divided to four groups. Case group received 600 (treatment I) and 1200 (treatment II) mg/kg/day the hydroalcoholic extract of Mentha piperita during 6-15 of gestational days and one control group received normal saline during GD6-GD15 by gavages and other control group did not receive any matter during 6-15 of gestational days. Mice sacrificed at GD18 and embryos were collected. Macroscopic observation was done by stereomicroscope. 20 fetuses of each group were stained by Alizarin red-S and Alcian blue staining method. The Mean weight of fetuses decreased in treatment groups rather than control (P<0.05) but CRL there was no significant difference between treatments and controls groups. In the treatment I (600 mg/kg/day) and treatment II (1200 mg/kg/day), normal saline and control group, no gross congenital malformations were observed in fetuses. Treated fetuses also had no delayed bone ossification as determined by Alizarin red-S and Alcian blue staining method. This study showed that the hydroalcoholic extract of Mentha piperita (600 and 1200 mg/kg/day) has no teratogenic effect in mice fetuses if used continuously during embryonic period.

Mentha piperita (Labiatae), comúnmente conocida como menta, es una hierba nativa de Irán, que se utiliza en la medicina tradicional para diversos fines. Este estudio fue realizado para descubrir el efecto teratogénico de la Mentha piperita en fetos de ratones. Los ratones Balb/c preñadas fueron divididas en cuatro grupos. Los grupos recibieron 600 (tratamiento I) y 1200 (tratamiento II) mg/kg/día del extracto hidroalcohólico de Mentha piperita durante los días 6-15 de gestación (DG), mientras que un grupo control recibió solución salina normal durante los DG 6-15 vía oral y otro grupo control sano no recibió substancia durante los DG 6-15. Los ratones fueron sacrificados el DG 18, recolectando los fetos. Se realizó la observación macroscópica mediante un estereomicroscopio. 20 fetos de cada grupo se tiñeron por el método de rojo de alizarina-S y azul de Alcián. La media de peso de los fetos disminuyó más en los grupos de tratamientos que los controles (p <0,05), pero CRL no presentó diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos y los grupos control. En los fetos del grupos tratamiento I (600 mg/kg/día), tratamiento II (1200 mg/kg/día), solución salina normal y control no se observó ninguna malformación congénita grave. Los fetos tratados tampoco tuvieron osificación ósea retrasada según lo determinado por el método de rojo de alizarina-S y azul de Alcián. Este estudio mostró que el extracto hidroalcohólico de Mentha piperita (600 y 1200 mg/kg/día) no tiene efectos teratogénicos en fetos de ratones al ser utilizado continuamente durante el período embrionario.

Bioefficacy ofMentha piperita essential oil against dengue fever mosquito Aedes aegypti L

Objective:To assess the larvicidal and repellent potential of the essential oil extracted from the leaves of peppermint plant,Mentha piperita (M. piperita) against the larval and adult stages of Aedes aegypti (Ae. Aegypti).Methods: The larvicidal potential of peppermint oil was evaluated against early fourth instar larvae ofAe. aegypti usingWHO protocol. The mortality counts were made after 24 and48 h, and LC50 and LC90values were calculated. The efficacy of peppermint oil as mosquito repellent was assessed using the human-bait technique. The measured area of one arm of a human volunteer was applied with the oil and the other arm was applied with ethanol. The mosquito bites on both the arms were recorded for3 min after every15 min. The experiment continued for 3 h and the percent protection was calculated.Results:The essential oil extracted fromM. piperita possessed excellent larvicidal efficiency against dengue vector. The bioassays showed an LC50 and LC90 value of111.9 and295.18 ppm, respectively after24 h of exposure. The toxicity of the oil increased11.8% when the larvae were exposed to the oil for48 h. The remarkable repellent properties ofM. piperita essential oil were established against adults Ae. aegypti. The application of oil resulted in100% protection till150 min. After next30min, only1-2 bites were recorded as compared with8-9 bites on the control arm.Conclusions:The peppermint essential oil is proved to be efficient larvicide and repellent against dengue vector. Further studies are needed to identify the possible role of oil as adulticide, oviposition deterrent and ovicidal agent. The isolation of active ingredient from the oil could help in formulating strategies for mosquito control.

Comparative evaluation in the efficacy of peppermint (Mentha piperita) oil with standards antibiotics against selected bacterial pathogens

Objective: To find the efficacy of peppermint oil against selected bacterial pathogens and compare with their susceptibility towards antibiotics. Methods:Peppermint oil was evaluated for activity against Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The antibacterial assay was evaluated using agar well diffusion method and the viability of the organisms (MIC and MBC) was determined at different concentrations using broth dilution method. Results: Peppermint oil was found to be effective against all the gram positive and gram negative organisms tested. A progressive effect of antibacterial activity with increase in concentration of oil was observed. The test organisms were found to be inhibited by peppermint oil at lower concentration in broth dilution method as compared with agar diffusion method. When comparing the assessment of the inhibitory effect of peppermint oil, broth dilution was found to be more effective as compared with agar diffusion method. Except S. aureus, the remaining organisms tested in the present study were found to possess multiple drug resistance. However, peppermint oil was found to be effective against these bacterial strains studied. Conclusions:Hence, with such broad spectrum activity of peppermint oil, it can be further recommended in the treatment of the infections caused by these multi-drug resistant bacteria.

Bioefficacy of Mentha piperita essential oil against dengue fever mosquito Aedes aegypti L

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To assess the larvicidal and repellent potential of the essential oil extracted from the leaves of peppermint plant, Mentha piperita (M. piperita) against the larval and adult stages of Aedes aegypti (Ae. Aegypti).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The larvicidal potential of peppermint oil was evaluated against early fourth instar larvae of Ae. aegypti using WHO protocol. The mortality counts were made after 24 and 48 h, and LC50 and LC90 values were calculated. The efficacy of peppermint oil as mosquito repellent was assessed using the human-bait technique. The measured area of one arm of a human volunteer was applied with the oil and the other arm was applied with ethanol. The mosquito bites on both the arms were recorded for 3 min after every 15 min. The experiment continued for 3 h and the percent protection was calculated.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The essential oil extracted from M. piperita possessed excellent larvicidal efficiency against dengue vector. The bioassays showed an LC50 and LC90 value of 111.9 and 295.18 ppm, respectively after 24 h of exposure. The toxicity of the oil increased 11.8% when the larvae were exposed to the oil for 48 h. The remarkable repellent properties of M. piperita essential oil were established against adults Ae. aegypti. The application of oil resulted in 100% protection till 150 min. After next 30 min, only 1-2 bites were recorded as compared with 8-9 bites on the control arm.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The peppermint essential oil is proved to be efficient larvicide and repellent against dengue vector. Further studies are needed to identify the possible role of oil as adulticide, oviposition deterrent and ovicidal agent. The isolation of active ingredient from the oil could help in formulating strategies for mosquito control.</p>

Antimicrobial activity of Mentha piperita L. against Candida spp / Atividade antimicrobiana de Mentha piperita L. sobre Candida spp

The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro effects of a hydroalcoholic extract, an infusion and the essential oil from Mentha piperita L. on the growth of Candida spp. The hydroalcoholic extract and essential oil were evaluated for antimicrobial activity against 50 strains of Candida albicans, 10 strains of Candida glabrata, 10 strains of Candida tropicalis, 8 strains of Candida parapsilosis and 2 strains of Candida krusei. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the hydroalcoholic extract was determined by the broth dilution method, and the antimicrobial activity of the essential oil was determined by the agar diffusion test. The effect of an infusion of Mentha piperita L. on the adherence of standard Candida strains to acrylic resin was also investigated. The results demonstrated that the hydroalcoholic extract of Mentha piperita L. showed fungistatic activity against the strains C. albicans, C. tropicalis and C. glabrata. The essential oil showed the strongest inhibitory activity against the strains C. albicans, C. tropicalis and C. parapsilosis. Despite this inhibitory activity, an infusion of Mentha piperita L. did not inhibit the adherence of Candida to acrylic resin. In conclusion, Mentha piperita L. presented significant antimicrobial activity against the strains C. albicans and C. tropicalis but showed no effect on the adherence of these microorganisms to acrylic resin.

O objetivo desse trabalho foi estudar in vitro o efeito do extrato hidroalcoólico, da infusão e do óleo essencial de Mentha piperita L. sobre Candida spp. O extrato hidroalcoólico e o óleo essencial de Mentha piperita L. foram avaliados quanto à atividade antimicrobiana em 50 cepas de Candida albicans, 10 Candida glabrata, 10 Candida tropicalis, 8 Candida parapsilosis e 2 Candida krusei. A concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) do extrato hidroalcoólico foi determinada pelo método da diluição em caldo e a atividade antimicrobiana do óleo essencial foi realizada por meio do teste de difusão em ágar. Foi observado também o efeito da infusão de Mentha piperita L. sobre a aderência de cepas padrão de Candida à resina acrílica. Os resultados demonstraram que o extrato hidroalcoólico de Mentha piperita L. apresentou atividade fungistática para cepas de C. albicans, C. tropicalis e C. glabrata. O óleo essencial mostrou maior atividade inibitória para cepas de C. albicans, seguida por C. tropicalis e C. parapsilosis. A infusão de Mentha piperita L. não inibiu a aderência de Candida à resina acrílica. Concluiu-se que Mentha piperita L. apresentou maior atividade antimicrobiana sobre cepas de C. albicans e C. tropicalis, mas não teve efeito sobre a aderência desses microrganismos à resina acrílica

Mentha piperita effects on wistar rats plasma lipids

The aim of this study was to demonstrate the effects of Mentha piperita juice and tea on plasma lipids of Wistar rats. The animals were divided in control group (CG) and four treated groups: TG1 treated with tea and TG2 treated with juice (both receiving commercial rat chow); TG3 and TG4 were fed with supplemented fat chow (with hydrogenated fat and soybean oil) and treated respectively with tea and juice. Both tea and juice were administered by intra-gastric route (gavage) two times a day for 30 days. TG2 and TG4 animals showed significant decrease in triacylglycerols and increase in HDL-c levels. TG1 and TG2 also showed lower cholesterol values. The levels of LDL-c increased in CG but decreased in the treated groups. Animals of TG1, TG2 and TG4 showed substantial reduction in food intake and in percentage of weight gain. TG3 increased food intake but did not increase the percentage of weight gain.

Os efeitos hipolipidêmicos de algumas plantas medicinais já foram demonstrados, mas muitas plantas que são comumente utilizadas pela população precisam ser estudadas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o efeito da Mentha piperita no perfil lipídico de ratos machos Wistar. Os animais foram divididos em grupo controle (CG) e quatro grupos experimentais: TG1 e TG2 receberam ração comercial normal, sendo que TG1 foi tratado com chá e TG2 com suco de M. piperita; TG3 e TG4 receberam ração enriquecida (com gordura hidrogenada e óleo de soja), sendo que TG3 foi tratado com chá e TG4 com suco. O tratamento foi feito por via intragástrica duas vezes ao dia durante 30 dias. Os animais de TG2 e TG4 tiveram diminuição significativa nos níveis de triacilglicerídeos e aumento nos níveis de HDL-c. Houve aumento nos níveis de LDL-c em CG, mas nos demais grupos houve diminuição. TG1, TG2 e TG4 tiveram redução significativa no consumo alimentar e na porcentagem de ganho de peso. TG3 aumentou o consumo alimentar, mas não aumentou a porcentagem de ganho de peso.

Atividade antifúngica do extrato alcoólico de Mentha piperita sobre Candida albicans e C. tropicalis / Antifungal activity of Mentha piperita alcoholic extract on Candida albicans and C. tropicalis

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a atividade antifúngica do extrato alcoólico de hortelã sobre Candida albicans e C. tropicalis. Incluíram-se no estudo C. albicans (ATCC 18804, ATCC 36802 e 20 isolados clínicos) e C. tropicalis (ATCC 13803 e 20 isolados clínicos) e foram realizados testes de screening com cepas padrão de C. dubliniensis (NCPF 3108), C. glabrata (ATCC 90030), C. krusei (ATCC 6258) e C. parapsilosis (ATCC 22019). O extrato de hortelã foi testado frente às amostras de Candida spp. pelo método de microdiluição. Inicialmente, realizou-se diluição seriada do extrato de hortelã em caldo RPMI, utilizando placas de microtitulação; nestas, inocularam-se suspensões padronizadas contendo 10 6 células. mL–1 de cada cepa a ser avaliada e foi incluído também um grupo controle do veículo (álcool). Os testes foram realizados em duplicata, as placas incubadas a 37 °C por 24 horas, e a leitura realizada em leitor de microplacas para determinação da concentração inibitória mínima (CIM). A seguir, determinou-se a concentração fungicida mínima (CFM) por meio da semeadura do conteúdo de cada poço da microplaca em ágar Sabouraud dextrose. Os resultados mostraram ação do extrato de hortelã (CIM e CFM) sobre C. albicans (p = 0,00001), mas não sobre C. tropicalis [p = 0,5296 (CIM) e p = 0,6504 (CFM)]. O extrato de hortelã apresentou ação superior sobre C. albicans quando comparada à C. tropicalis, p = 0,00001 (CIM e CFM). Concluiu-se que o extrato de hortelã apresentou atividade inibitória e fungicida sobre as amostras de C. albicans avaliadas.

The aim of the study was evaluate the antifungal activity of the peppermint alcoholic extract on Candida albicans and C. tropicalis. It was included in the study C. albicans (ATCC 18804, ATCC 36802 and 20 clinical isolates) and C. tropicalis (ATCC 13803 and 20 clinical isolates), and performed screening tests with C. dubliniensis (NCPF 3108), C. glabrata (ATCC 90030), C. krusei (ATCC 6258), C. parapsilosis (ATCC 22019). The peppermint extract was evaluated on Candida spp. by microdilution method. Firstly, it was performed serial dilutions of the extract into RPMI broth in microdilution plates where was inoculated standardized suspensions with 106 cells/ml of each strain to be evaluated, and a control group (alcohol) was also included. The tests were made in duplicate, the plates were incubated at 37 °C/24 hours and the reading was performed in a microplates reader to determine the minimal inhibition concentration (MIC). Following, the minimal fungicide concentration (MFC) was determined by plating the content of each well of the microplate on Sabouraud dextrose agar. The results showed activity of the peppermint extract (MIC and MFC) on C. albicans (p = 0.00001), but not on C. tropicalis, p = 0.5296 (MIC) and p = 0.6504 (MFC). The peppermint extract showed higher activity on C. albicans when it was compared with C. tropicalis, p = 0.00001 (MIC and MFC). We concluded that the peppermint extract showed inhibitory and fungicide activity on the C. albicans strains tested.